Attalea maripa

Attalea maripa , commonly called maripa palm [3] is a palm native to tropical South America and Trinidad and Tobago . It grows up to 35 m (115 ft) tall and can-have leaves or fronds 10-12 m (33-39 ft) long. This plant has a yellow edible fruit which is oblong ovoid and cream . An edible oil can be extracted from the fruit of the kernel of the seed.

Description

Attalea maripa is a large palm that grows from 3.5-20 m (11-66 ft) tall. Stems range from 20-33 cm (8-13 in) in diameter, reaching up to 100 cm (39.5 in). Trees have 10 to 22 leaves with long petioles . [4] Fruit are large and brown [4] or yellow, 5-6.5 cm (2.0-2.6 in) [5] with 2 or 3 seeds which are 4-6 cm (1.5-2.5 in) long and 2.5-3 cm (0.98-1.18 in) in diameter [4] They are bound in infructescences which can contain several hundred to over 2000 fruits. [5]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by French botanist Jean Baptiste Christophorus Aublet rocket in 1775 in his History of the plants of Guiane Francoise as Palma maripa . German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius transferred to the genus Attalea in 1844. Hermann Wendland moved to the genus Scheelea in 1878, while Carl Georg Oscar Drude was moved to Maximiliana . Otto Kuntze moved to the genus Englerophoenix in 1891. [2] Orator F. Cookin his own genus in 1940, which he named Ethnora in recognition of Aublet’s as a pioneer of the anti-slavery movement. [6] Attalinae in a single genus Attalea . [7]

Vernacular names

Distribution

Attalea maripa ranges from Trinidad and Tobago to Bolivia in the south. It is present in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Ecuador , Peru and Brazil . [2] It is found in lowland forests and disturbed areas, soils are not usually flooded. [4]

Ecology

The fruit of A. maripa are consumed by a variety of mammals. On Maracá Island, Roraima , in the Brazilian Amazon , fruit were consumed by tapirs , collared peccaries , deer and primates. Rodents, including agoutis , fed upon the fruit, and the fruit availability declined, they fed on the seeds. They also hide seeds for later consumption. Most species consume the pulp and spit out intact within a short distance of the parent tree. Tapirs swallow the entire fruit and defaecate intact seeds further away from parent trees. Most of the seeds were not removed from the bruchid beetle Pachymerus cardo . Beetle larvae killed 77% of the seeds were not dispersed from the parent trees, but they were dispersed to tap latrines. [5]

In Trinidad , A. maripa is a characteristic species in the savannas that are converted to grasslands by repeated fires. British forester JS Beard termed these savannas “Cocorite Savannas” (after the local name for A. maripa ). [8]

Uses

Carbonized Attalea maripa seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP . [12] The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador uses the mesocarps for food. They use the petiole and leaf to make blowgun darts and sleeping mats, the petioles for torches, the pinnae for kindling and the stems for firewood. [9] In addition to using is as a food species, Kayapo of Brazil use the species as a source of salt, and value it Because It Attracts wildlife. [11] The leaves are also used forthatching . [4]

Edible oil can be extracted from the mesocarp and kernel of A. maripa . Oleic acid is the predominant fatty acid in the oil of the mesocarp, while lauric acid predominates in the kernel. About half of the fatty acids in the mesocarp are saturated and half unsaturated . The tocopherol content of the oil was average (in comparison to other edible oils) while the kernel oil was low in tocopherols. [10]

See also

  • Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
  • List of palms of the Caribbean

References

Notes

  1. Jump up^ Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). “A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae”. Kew Bulletin . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 60 (4): 559-69. JSTOR  25070242 .
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c ” Attalea maripa ” . WCSP World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Retrieved 2008-09-07 .
  3. Jump up^ “Attalea maripa” . Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) . Retrieved 17 December 2017 .
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Henderson, Andrew ; Gloria Galeano ; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN  0-691-08537-4 .
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fragoso, Jose MV (1997). “Tapir-Generated Seed Shadows: Scale-Dependent Patchiness in the Rain Forest Amazon”. Journal of Ecology . British Ecological Society. 85 (4): 519-29. doi : 10.2307 / 2960574 . JSTOR  2960574 .
  6. Jump up^ Cook, OF (1940). “Aublet the botanist, a pioneer against slavery, with a memorial genus of palms”. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . 30 (7): 294-99.
  7. Jump up^ Govaerts, R .; J. Henderson; SF Zona; DR Hodel; A. Henderson (2006). “World Checklist of Arecaceae” . The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-06 .
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b Beard, JS (1953). “The Savanna Vegetation of Northern Tropical America”. Ecological Monographs . Ecological Society of America. 23 (2): 149-215. doi : 10.2307 / 1948518 . JSTOR  1948518 .
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Macía, Manuel J. (2004). “Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador”. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 144 (2): 149-59. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2003.00248.x .
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b Bereau, Didier; Bouchra Benjelloun-Mlayah; Michel Delmas (2001). ” Maximiliana maripa Drude mesocarp and kernel oils: Fatty acid and total tocopherol compositions”. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society . 78 (2): 213-14. doi : 10.1007 / s11746-001-0245-8 .
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b Posey, Darrell Addison (1985). “Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: the case of the Kayapó indians of the Brazilian Amazon”. Agroforestry Systems . 3 (2): 139-58. doi : 10.1007 / BF00122640 .
  12. Jump up^ Morcote-Rios, Gaspar; Rodrigo Bernal (2001). “Remains of palms (Palmae) at archaeological sites in the New World: A review”. Botanical Review . 67 (3): 309-50. doi : 10.1007 / BF02858098 .